The Code Of Ethics Don t Require Formal Punishment

Introduction Ethics are a vital part of our everyday lives, even in the field of public officials. There always a time in someone life where their face with a decision they feel is right or wrong, but they have to what they feel is appropriate for the public as a whole. A personal ethics statement demonstrates the values and expectations of the duties of public officials. The codes of ethics don’t require formal punishment but more of the fear of the organization falling apart. Which insinuates that values are needed, because as public officials, we need to know how to handle challenges issues and situations. Values can simply be looked at as the guideline and rules to in organization and public officials. According to Svara, â€Å"Administrative ethics refers to well-based standards of right and wrong that prescribe what public administrators ought to do in terms of duty to public service, principles, virtues, and benefits to society† (Svara, 2015). Public official’s primary duty is to serve to public, the values of these officials can create confidence and trust from the public. Public Administration is set up to maintain and organize humans in an organization, as well as having an overall mission, and systematic system set up to attain that overall goals within an organization. This consist of the formulation of policies within an organization, as well as focusing on the managerial view of an organization which is key to focusing on why on-the-job experience is an importantShow MoreRelatedProblems With Accountability And Transparency Of Soliciting And Awarding Government Contracts2809 Words   |  12 Pagesacceptance of potential violations around the world, procurement professional’s handling government contracts are held to a certain standard. Throughout this paper I will discuss different training development and implementation to sustain or promote good ethics in the procurement profession. I will also discuss the different customs in o ther countries which allow fraud to exist as well as offer ideas on how to cope with them. Organization Training Needs Assessments Training need assessments areRead MoreAltruism, Trust, Integrity, And Professionalism3879 Words   |  16 PagesAbstract: Altruism is a feeling and behavior that shows a desire to help other people and a lack of selfishness. Professional organizations have codified standards of conduct or ethics. The United States Army (Army) is a branch of military service and one of the nation?s professions of arms. The Army demonstrates professionalism through trustworthiness, performance of duty, and strength of character. Each of these has an established standard based on statute, regulation, or doctrinal principle. 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Internal and External Conflict in The Old Man and the...

Nature is man’s greatest struggle besides himself. Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea constantly endures struggles against nature the affect him externally and internally. There are many examples of the hardships of man versus nature that Santiago endures. Santiago struggles with nature in order to catch the giant marlin in the Gulf Stream. He also struggles with himself and his abilities that have collapsed with his aging body. Santiago also faces struggles with the shark that attacks his prized marlin. The story has more beneath the surface with many layers of internal and external struggle that interconnect, and the battle that will be fought by all, physically and psychologically. Santiago is at odds with nature because he†¦show more content†¦Santiago feels remorse in catching the great fish. He treats it with respect and takes no joy in the catch, knowing that the fish is a noble example of nature as is he. He knows that he must catch the great fish in order to change his luck and earn respect again. Santiago is a man past his prime, a man who lives happily in his dreams of the beaches and the lions. While struggling to capture fish and break his bad luck streak, Santiago struggles internally with the old age that is creeping over him and changing the profession he once dominated. While trying to capture the large marlin, Santiago catches the worse of his old age when his hands repeatedly cramp and cause him to struggle furthermore. Santiago is continuously ridiculed by younger fishermen who know of the old man’s age and laugh at his fishing skills. Santiago knows that going too far out into open sea will produce even more difficult co nditions that his aging abilities cannot handle. When he goes out to sea every day, he elects to face the challenges of the sea, and its creatures. Fish that you were; I am sorry that I went too far out. I ruined us both. His remorse at having risked the fish to the sharks is additionally painful because he had such respect for the fish, and also because he feels that this was, in many ways, his last chance. Santiago’s age affects his catch when, because of the encumbrance of theShow MoreRelatedConflicts - Short Story Essay835 Words   |  4 PagesConflict means a struggle or problem between two opposing groups or individuals. There are two types of conflict: internal and external conflict. An internal conflict is a struggle that is internalized and deals with choices, consequences, or emotions. An internal conflict is a man vs. self struggle. An external conflict is a struggle between the protagonist and another character against nature or some outside force. External conflicts are either man verses man, man verses nature, or man verses societyRead MoreA Clean Well Lighted Place Summary1203 Words   |  5 Pagesthe no thingness that the old man and older waiter seem feel. 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Cyber Crime Foundations for Cyber Security

Question: 1.Identification and analysis of at least three constitutional challenges aimed at preventing governmental abuse in the policing of cyber-crimes. 2.Analysis of potential negative effects of these constitutional challenges, including how it gives the criminal the advantage over the prosecution. 3.Analysis of three examples of cyber-crimes committed recently where these constitutional challenges affected the prosecution of the criminal, and the ultimate outcome of the cases. Answer: Introduction Cyber Crime is an illegal activity in which computer can be used as a primary source of commission (Yar, 2013). Cyber Crime includes crimes that are only possible by using computers such as dissemination of computer viruses, network intrusion as well as existing computer crimes such as stalking, terrorism, and bullying. In this report, the researcher discusses the constitutional challenges that aimed at preventing governmental abuse in the policing of cyber-crimes. The researcher also discusses Potential negative effect of constitutional challenges including three cases of Cyber Crime Identification and analysis of three constitutional challenges Investigating and prosecuting cases of cybercrime involves number of disputes for law enforcement agencies. It is not only necessary to educate the people about cybercrime, but it is very much important to implement effective and proper legislation (Clough, 2014). The researcher discusses constitutional challenges in this section. The constitutional challenges include: Challenges in drafting national criminal laws Effective legislation became the foundation for investigating and prosecuting number of cases of cybercrime. It is the task of the lawmakers that they must response to the development of internet for monitoring the effectiveness of provisions.. New forms of crimes are raised due to the introduction of new Internet and computer related services. Prosecution of new forms of cybercrime requires time for updating the national criminal law (Gray et al., 2013). It is important to review and updated those offenses that are under the national criminal law. Violations cannot be prosecuted without integrating the cybercrime offenses. The delay between the recognition of potential abuses of new technologies and important modifications is the most important challenge before the national criminal legal system. With the accelerating speed of the network innovation, the challenge remains relevant and tropical (Elmaghraby Losavio, 2014). Many countries are operating effectively in order to catch up with the regulations that are related with the legislative New offences Mostly crimes that are committed by using ICT's are not new crimes but they are scams which are modified for committing online. Fraud can be considered as one example. There is not much difference between a letter that is sent for misleading an individual or an email that is used for the same intention (Randhawa Singh, 2016). If fraud was considered as a criminal offense, then adjustment is not required from the national law to prosecute such acts. Previously, some countries have provisions for fraud cases, but they don't have provisions for those offenses that arise due to development in computer system. It is very much necessary for those countries to adopt new provisions in order to deal with offenses that arise due to computer system (Yar, 2013). For ensuring effective criminalization, it is the task of the lawmakers to develop and analyze different types of offenses that are related with cybercrime. Theft and fraud cases related with computer games are yet not criminalized. New criminal activities are discovered every day (Hazelwood Koon-Magnin, 2013).Some virtual currencies provide crime a real dimension as they have the same value in terms of real currency. Such cases are not prosecuted in every country. For preventing this type of offenses, it is very much important for the offenders to monitor development properly. Increasing use of ICTs ICTs are used by offenders in preparation and execution of offenses. Adequate instruments are required by the law enforcement agencies in order to investigate criminal acts. Some of the instruments can interfere with the innocent users of the internet (Jones Choo, 2014). The use of instrument is unjustified if the harshness of the illegal cases are out of fraction with the power of interference. Hence, numbers of such gadgets that can make the investigation easier are yet not developed by many countries. The implementation of new investigative gadgets is introduced due to the results of a trade-off. The trade-off is mostly between the parliamentary agencies and with the rights of innocent users of the internet (Haase, 2015). It is very much important to examine the present actions of the criminals. This must be done in order to evaluate the changes of threat level. Analyzing negative effects of constitutional challenges The negative effects of constitutional challenges that provide criminal the advantage over prosecution are: Negative Effect of Challenges in drafting national criminal laws Effective legislation is the base for investigating cases that are related with cyber crime. New forms of crimes are rising every day due to the development of technologies. The national criminal law of the country is not updated for reviewing those offenses that are under the national criminal law (Choucri et al., 2014). The delay between the recognition of potential abuses of new technologies and important modifications is the most important challenge before the national criminal legal system is advantageous for criminals. This is because as the national criminal laws of the many countries are not updated with the new cases that are occurring, the court cannot prosecute a criminal (Ruan, K. (2013). Proper legislative foundation is required for comparing the status of criminal provisions with the requirements that are arising due to new criminal cases. Negative Use of New Offences Due to the development of computer systems, theft and fraud cases are increasing at a rapid rate. Many countries do not have provisions for new offenses that are occurring due to the development in computer and internet technologies (Gray et al., 2013). New criminal activities are discovering every day. It has a negative effect on the constitutional rules of a country, and it provides criminal the advantage over prosecution. New criminal activities are discovering every day, but the constitutions are not implementing new provisions against the offenses that are occurring due to development of internet. It is very much necessary for those countries to adopt new provisions in order to deal with offenses that arise due to computer system (Elmaghraby Losavio, 2014). New type of offenses are not analyzed and developed by the lawmakers. The court cannot prosecute a criminal based on such provisions that are not under the constitutional law. Negative effect of ICTs Misuse of ICTs can occur in government or private sector. Mostly human rights principles are directed in order to identify and prevent abuses from government sectors. The technologies that are relevant to infringement of humans right are the DNA analysis, mobile phone camera, biometric identification, networked data based, voice recognition system, etc. (Hazelwood Koon-Magnin, 2013). Anyone having access to a computer can post anything by using an internet on a website. Sometimes the post is not reliable. The increasing use of ICTs provides advantage to criminals instead of prosecution. This is because nowadays people misuse internet and the computer technology. For example CCTV cameras are used for prosecuting criminals and for providing undeniable evidence but images are not always clear which sometimes mislead police, and this is sometimes advantageous for criminals (Fidler et al., 2016). CCTVs can be damaged very easily which sometimes act as a positive point for criminals in order to avoid prosecution. Three recent cyber crimes with respect to Constitutional challenges The constitutional challenges to the punishment of Cyber crime activities and the criminals have some examples where the accusation was spared from severe punishment. Teenager was spared jail even after hacking governments worldwide A teenage hacker hacked a government networks from all over the world. He even sent threats of bombs attacks to the US airlines. In addition, he did all these while sitting in his bedroom by using the knowledge of hacking. The teenager was merely 16-year-old from Plympton, Devon (NJ.com, 2016).He had been hacking many local sites and organizational sites from the age of 14. He had disagreed to the accusations when he was accused of the hacking the government sites before. He used his laptop for causing chaos in Iraq, Thailand, and China. He targeted the foreign ministers of Iraq, Agriculture Minister of Thailand and Security minister of China with the threat messages. He was also responsible for crashing computers at Taiji, Japan and launching a cyber attack at the Sea World Park of Florida (Ruan, K. (2013). All these accusations were denied by the accused using the legal challenge of new offense to cyber crime. He even sent bomb hoaxes to Delta Airlines, American Airlines, and White House. However, the Plymouth Youth Court denied sentencing him to jail. He was just sent to the Custodial Services. Even the FBI deemed the threats issued by the teenager as non-credible. Celebrity hacker receives leniency in punishment for hacking A renowned hacker from the Portland acknowledged that he had hacked hundreds of Google and Apple accounts. He stole the personal photos and information of many celebrities form the hacked account. Andrew Helton had been pleaded accused of hacking charge in the federal court of law. However, due to the constitutional challenges of cyber crime in the court of law, he was provided leniency in punishment of this offensive cyber crime (optechnews.com, 2016). The criminal lawyer rose the point of national cyber crime and stated that his client had not done any crime that could lead to national security. Neither had he done any financial drain of resources from anyone Elmaghraby Losavio, 2014). Hence, he was merely punished with 6 months imprisonment and a fine of just 3000$ for his cyber crime activity. Filipino man ran $9m global credit cards using cybercrime A man from Filipino was alleged for running over credit cards of worth $9million from all over the globe. The person was recognized as Angelo Virtucio, a resident of Quezon City in the Philippines. He has purchased the stolen debit cards and credit cards and encoded new cards with the stolen data. The theft was possible because of the increased use of Information and Communication Technology (Evans, 2016). The legal challenge is due to the increased use of the information and communication technology. He used the information of the debit and credit cards for making new cards and did transactions of approx $9 million for the theft information. Due to the legislation challenges to the law prohibiting strict punishment to cyber criminals, the man was just fined a sum of money. Conclusion It is concluded from the report that constitution faces various types of challenges that provide criminal the advantage over prosecution. Investigating and prosecuting cases of cybercrime involves number of disputes for law enforcement agencies. It is not only necessary to educate the people about cybercrime, but it is very much important to implement effective and proper legislation. New type of offenses are not analyzed and developed by the lawmakers. The court cannot prosecute a criminal based on such provisions that are not under the constitutional law. Therefore, it is very much important to implement proper legislation against the various challenges that the constitution is facing. References Choucri, N., Madnick, S. E., Ferwerda, J. (2014). Institutional Foundations for Cyber Security: Current Responses and New Challenges. Clough, J. (2014). A world of difference: The Budapest convention on Cybercrime and the challenges of Harmonisation. Elmaghraby, A. S., Losavio, M. M. (2014). Cyber security challenges in Smart Cities: Safety, security and privacy.Journal of advanced research,5(4), 491-497. Evans, M. (2016).Teenager who hacked governments worldwide is spared jail.. Retrieved 28 July 2016, from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/07/20/teenage-hacker/ Fidler, D. P., Pregent, R., Vandurme, A. (2016). NATO, Cyber Defense, and International Law.Journal of International and Comparative Law,4(1), 1. Gray, D. C., Citron, D. K., Rinehart, L. C. (2013). Fighting Cyber-Crime After United States v. Jones.Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology,103(3). Haase, A. (2015, November). Harmonizing substantive cybercrime law through European union directive 2013/40/EU From European legislation to international model law?. InAnti-Cybercrime (ICACC), 2015 First International Conference on(pp. 1-6). IEEE. Hazelwood, S. D., Koon-Magnin, S. (2013). Cyber stalking and cyber harassment legislation in the United States: A qualitative analysis.International Journal of Cyber Criminology,7(2), 155. Jones, D., Choo, K. K. R. (2014). Should There Be a New Body of Law for Cyber Space?.Jones D and Choo KK R. NJ.com.,. (2016).Filipino man admits running $9M global credit card cybercrime ring. Retrieved 28 July 2016, from https://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2016/07/filipino_man_admits_to_running_9m_crime_ring_using.html optechnews.com,. (2016).Celebrity Hacker Gets Six Months in Prison. Retrieved 28 July 2016, from https://www.toptechnews.com/article/index.php?story_id=113003J9R6CC Randhawa, G. S., Singh, D. J. (2016). Analysis of Challenges Faced by Indian Prosecution System.International Journal,1. Ruan, K. (2013). Cybercrime and Cloud Forensics: Applications for Investigation. Yar, M. (2013).Cybercrime and society. Sage.

Title Hate Crimes free essay sample

Lifeless bodies with slashed throats were found In the mountains of Virginia nearly six years ago. This is quite a disturbing image; the unfortunate result of a hate crime. What exactly is a hate crime? The American Psychological Association defines hate crimes as violent acts against people, property, or organizations because of the group to which they belong or identify with (1). The different groups usually involved include homosexuals, ethnic groups, and religion affiliations. Dry.Jack McDermott, a criminologist at Northeastern university In Boston, said hate crimes are forms of messages the offender wants to send to members of certain ropes letting them know they are unwelcome in that neighborhood, community, school or workplace (PAP, 1). According to CNN. Com, Darrell David Rice of Columbia, Maryland, was found guilty of committing the 1 996 slayings of hikers Julienne Merle Williams and Laura Lowell Wines, who were the girls In the opening disturbing Image. Rice Is serving an 11- year sentence in federal prison in Petersburg, Virginia, for attempting to abduct and kill a female bicyclist in the same park in 1997. In Jasper, Texas ;the deadly attack on Matthew Sheppard, a gay student In Laramie, Wyoming ;the shooting rampage targeting minority citizens In Chicago ;the shootings of children at a Jewish community center in Los Angles ;the murder of Joseph Santos Little, a Filipino-American mail carrier A report done by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) states that 7,947 hate crime incidents were reported. In 1 995, a comparison of states showed that California was at the top of the charts with 1,751 incidents reported, and Florida stood with 164 incidents (2).The total number of hate crimes only decreased by less than a hundred between 1995 and 1999. While these numbers may seem relatively small, the Southern Poverty Law Center has posted more dramatic statistics: every hour someone commits a hate crime, every day eight blacks, three whites, three gays, three In order to prevent the hate crimes from occurring, different things are being done in order to prevent and deal with the hate cr imes. In schools, the Anti-Defamation League websites suggests planning ahead by doing the following (1): 1 . Work with your school administration to establish a plan for responding promptly to hate incidents and hate crimes. 2. Educate school staff on how to recognize hate-motivated incidents and hate crimes. 3. Establish procedures for reporting hate-motivated incidents/crimes. 4. Establish school policies which clearly indicate that hate-motivated behavior will not be tolerated. On a wider scale, since the sass research on hate crimes has increased, especially from those in the fields of criminology and law enforcement.There focus is primarily on reporting the frequency of the problem and preparing criminal Justice responses to it. While many hate motivated crimes go unreported, the number of reported incidents is up. However, with special training, people are prepared to deal with the situations. According to Wesley, the first professionals to respond to the scene of a hate crime are police officers. How they act in the situation will affect the outcome of the incident.Wesley stated, law enforcement agencies have a pivotal role in responding to, investigating, prosecuting, and preventing hate crimes. Training is given to the Alice officers in order to carry out their role. Wesley said the training includes how to recognize and investigate potential hate crimes, have clear protocols on how to respond to hate violence, and develop innovative programs for preventing the hate crimes. Along with the professional training of police personnel, laws against hate crimes have been enforced in some states.As of 1999, there are only eleven states that do not have hate crime laws: South Carolina, Hawaii, Wyoming, New York, Kentucky, Rhode Island, New Mexico, Kansas, Arkansas, Georgia and Indiana. The anti-hate laws may not be well known but there are some out there. For example, the Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act provides assistance to state and local law enforcement agencies and amend federal law to streamline the investigation and prosecution of hate crimes. This bill will change the already existing law, adding crimes against sexual orientation, gender, and disability. This law also allows authority to respond to all crimes covered by the existing law, meaning crimes based on race, color, national origin, and religion (1). The number of hate crimes is slowly being decreased and the number of laws It may seem impossible to eliminate all the hate crimes that are occurring, but with ore research, training, and handling each situation as they arise more seriously, America is slowly on its way to eliminating the problem of hate crimes.