The Pursuit of Happiness Four Revolutionary Words, by Andrew Sullivan Essay Example For Students

The Pursuit of Happiness Four Revolutionary Words, by Andrew Sullivan Essay Its a small phrase when you think about it: the pursuit of happiness. Its somewhat over-shadowed in the Declaration of Independence by the weightier notions of life and liberty. In todays mass culture, it even comes close to being banal. Who, after all, doesnt want to pursue happiness? But in its own day, the statement was perhaps the most radical political statement ever delivered. And when we try and fathom why it is that the United States still elicits such extreme hatred in some parts of the world, this phrase is as good a place to start as any. We will write a custom essay on The Pursuit of Happiness Four Revolutionary Words, by Andrew Sullivan specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now What power four little words still have. And what carnage they must still endure to survive. Andrew Sullivans article, The Pursuit of Happiness Four Revolutionary Words, may have been the best or most intriguing story we have read thus far. But you didnt ask us to summarize it, besides how could we do that in only two pages. Instead you asked us to historicize this powerful piece, which yet is still a hard task to complete. In the opening line the Declaration of independence and its meaning of life and Liberty are mentioned. The Declaration came about on July 4, 1776, which recorded the proclamation of the 2nd American Continental Congress asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain (Websters Dictionary). Sullivan immediately follows into references of the chaotic conditions of the 18th century. One example is that there were rumors and belief of witches; inurn innocent people were being burned at the stake, (where were their certain unalienable Rights then). As Sullivan states countries were being torn apart because of imperfection (I thought that That all men are created equal, and, that they are endowed by their Creator )(God). Add. . are watching the freedom that they feel we have as expressed though American television and businesses. A fear of total anarchy has arisen in the hearts of their leaders, and many are holding on for dear life to their old customs and beliefs of control, while others such as China and Russia are hesitantly going with the flow. Sullivan is unsure of the effect this Pursuit of Happiness will have on the future; can any of us predict, we only know the past and the present. As I write I have no idea as to the conclusion of this new drama in world history except that it will have ramifications as large and as lasting as the Cold War. Works Cited ANDREW SULLIVAN. THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS Four Revolutionary Words. Forbes ASAP, The Big Issue, November 2001. Web. 29 June 2015. http://homepage.eircom.net/~odyssey/Politics/Sullivan/Pursuit%20of%20Happiness. html

Was the Gulf war a just war essays

Was the Gulf war a just war essays In 1991 the new international order is threatened by one man, Saddam Hussain, who has deliberately broken the international rules by aggressing one of his Arab neighbours Kuwait. A far-reaching decision is then taken : to declare war on Iraq. More than 10 years later, the situation in the Gulf region remains unsolved. This observation raises a question : What was the use of a war in 1991 if the international order is still in jeopardy 10 years later Was the Gulf War a just war Then the concept of just war reappears suddenly. But the notion is far from being a new one. It pervades the western tradition on war from Saint Augustine to Grotius and later on the international law. This doctrine provides us with two useful elements : One the one hand, the concept of jus as bellum addresses the question of the justification of force ; On the other hand, the concept of jus in bellum concerns the restraints and limits on how force may be use. Thus are expressed the criteria to define whether or not a war is just. We can justify the use of force thanks to the concepts of just cause, last resort, right authority, and proportionality. First, what is a just cause In the tradition, for a just cause to exist, the purpose of the war must be done to redress in some way a wrong done by the enemy2. More specifically in the XXe century, the International Law has gradually reduced the acceptable justification of war to one - Defence, which implies the notion of second use of force and that of aggression. But how is aggression recognised Article 1 : Aggression is the use of armed force by a State against the sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independence of another State. Article 5 : No consideration of whatever nature, whether political, economic, military or otherwise, may serve as a justification for In the case of the Gulf War, the Iraqi...

Control Room Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Control Room - Movie Review Example However, this movie, Control Rooms, reveal a different side to the facts, the film reveals the extent to which the staff and reporting crew of the Media network had gone to convey the truth behind the sugar-coated waged war against the innocent civilians of Iraq (Samuel-Azran 73-89). Thus, in my opinion, in spite of its sketchiness, the movie delivers the message of its theme explicitly and indirectly, that touches the very cords of the hearts of sensitive humans. 2. To what extent the documentary might change your perception on the war in Iraq? I agree to Ty Burr (2004) when he says, â€Å""Control Room" is like an open window that sucks the smog out of the room. Clear-sighted and fair-minded, sympathetic to everyone except Saddam Hussein and the topmost level of the US government, this modest yet necessary documentary digs into the tussle between bias and balance in modern journalism and sends you out debating where one side's reporting becomes the other side's distortion.† This movie has changed my perception of war in Iraq to a greater extent. Earlier I had taken this military act to be against a brutal and killing enemy who had a monster like image in my imagination. Never had I considered the people dying there to be humans. I had always regarded their execution as a winning ‘mission accomplished’. ... If US had to wage a war against Saddam Hussain, it must have had find another way. To kill millions of people in the name of execution of their tyrannical ruler is to add inflict on injury. These people were already suffering and the military invasion had destroyed whatever they had managed to save so far. Truly, I am impressed and affected by the reporting of Al-Jazeera now as â€Å"†¦the station has revealed (and continues to show the world) everything about the Iraq War that the Bush administration did not want it to see† (Varma, 2004) 3. Critically identify the strengths and weaknesses of the video. The video, Control Room, is no doubt a marvelous and daring act done by Noujaim. The movie reveals hidden truths and passion for reality that is shared by all the journalists with living conscience. She has focused the role of the Qatar based media network, Al-Jazeera, which had covered the gruesome details of the happenings in Iraq. This particular network had sent its co rrespondents in Baghdad and other areas where they had covered the live details of the bombarding and shelling on the innocent civilians for which US government had blamed it to be a pawn in the hands of propagandist lobby of Arabs. However, the video exclusively reveals the false facets of the media world and this particular aspect makes this movie strong and effective. Moreover, Noujaim has just offered details of what happens behind the camera in a news agency network. All the interviews are taken in a bias free and impartial manner and the conclusion is left to the watcher. She has not tried to force her own ideas on the people; she has just captured with her camera what she found. â€Å"In the spirit of welcoming all information, she refuses to draw conclusions--these are left to the

Sales Role Play Report Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sales Role Play Report - Term Paper Example The company values the importance of proper storage facilities for herbal products. Therefore there exists a spacious warehouse with required temperature conditions. The corporate office and the manufacturing facility of the company are situated in Philadelphia. Healthy Hair professionals are backed by rich industry experience, exposure as well in depth knowledge makes. Factors such as thorough quality checking, sophisticated infrastructure, skilful team of professionals, timely delivery, customized solution and the ease of payment modes makes the company the most sought after herbal product manufacturers. Natural Hair Care accelerates the growth of hair. It provides strength to the hair, prevents hair fall and dandruff. It also tends to have a cooling effect on the eyes and reduces headache. Natural Hair Care is n excellent herbal hair oil that can be used as ordinary hair oil also. Natural Hair Care contains pure herbs and coconut oil. This is a one of its kind and acknowledged by those who used the product sample. Whole Foods Market is a retail supermarket chain located in Austin, Texas. The company is famous for providing natural and organic food product of greatest quality. The company maintains strict guidelines and quality standards. Whole Foods market is best known for the unshakable commitment for sustainable agriculture. The company was founded by John Mackey and Renee Lawson Hardy. Since the humble beginning in 1980 the company has come a long way as there are over three hundred outlets in North America and UK. The company food department can be classified in to beer, bakery, bulk, cheese, Coffee and tea, Floral, grocery, prepared foods, seafood, wine, whole body. Whole Foods Market is the market leader in the organic food business. However the company now seeks for diversification. But the company wishes to do so by keeping their core commitment towards agriculture and

Strategic Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Strategic Marketing - Essay Example Figure 1: Effectiveness of analysis tools (Source: Ferrell, Hartline, 2008, p. 119) Of the four elements of the SWOT analysis Strength is the most effective element which is needed to be evaluated by the company. Identifying the strength of the firm gives better understanding of the market scenario in accordance to the company’s position. With more strong position in the market the company will be able to minimize its weaknesses in the market. Also SWOT analysis facilitates the company to find new opportunities in the field which shows stronger position for the company. As for example if a company has strong financial condition it’s a good opportunity for the firm to invest into expansion strategy as the strategic plan. When a company has good understanding of its strength and weaknesses the company will also be able to cater with the threats which might arise in the business process. But conducting a SWOT analysis is not an easy task for the organization. Several issue s might arise in the process. ... Planning and estimation of the business activities can help the company to understand the prospect of the new business and act and implement accordingly for building strong base into the market. Cash Flow Forecasting is one of the most important plans for the company to document its planning process. Calculating the Break Even point in the business can give a good start for the company as it is the point where the expenses equal the sales revenue generated by the company. At first the company needs to calculate the fixed cost of the different operations and then the variable costs of the goods like labor, materials etc. Then estimation of the output production unit will then help to calculate the breakeven point of the firm by dividing Fixed Cost with the difference of Unit price and Unit Cost of the product. The projected balance sheet of the company will give a snapshot of the assets and the liabilities of the company along with the equities involved in the business. The company ne eds to forecast its sales and income statement to understand its profitability position in the business process. Here is an example of a breakeven point where the portion above the line represents profit where as below the line represents loss for the company. Figure 2: Break Even Point graph (Source: British Columbia, n.d., p. 16) QUESTION 3 Identify Two (2) Malaysian companies that you believe have high brand quality. Why do you suggest so? Give reasons to support your answer. How does having high brand equity help them compete against competing companies? In service industry the most crucial factor for conducting business in a competitive environment is maintaining customer relationship through quality service and maintaining high brand value in the mind of the

Why trade barriers need to be reduced

Why trade barriers need to be reduced Over the last thirty years, the environment in which international business operates has become subject to the forces of globalisation and increasing world integration. One might even say that globalisation is the buzzword of economics today. Consequently, to have the world as one, the need to reduce trade barriers between countries arises. To support this view, the WTOs Doha Development Agenda (also known as the Doha Round) states that the non-agricultural market access (NAMA) negotiating groups mandate is to reduce, or as appropriate, eliminate tariffs, including the reduction or elimination of tariff peaks, high tariffs, and tariff escalation, as well as non-tariff barriers, in particular on products of export interest to developing countries. The economic importance of non-tariff measures (NTMs) has thus, become the main concern of many countries around the world. Moreovever, with the steady decrease in worldwide tariffs accomplished in the various rounds of multilateral trade negotiations over the past several decades, the attention of both policy-makers and economists has turned to the role played by non-tariff methods of protection. Especially for the purpose of negotiations, it is important that the impacts of these NTMs be quantified. Yet this has proven difficult. Variation across countries in product prices is due to many factors of which NTMS are just one. In addition, there are many types of NTMs namely quotas, non-automatic licensing, bans, prior authorization for protection of human health, local content requirements, among others which defy the development of a simple uniform method to convert the effect of these quantity controls into tariff-equivalents. However, the World Trade Organisation (WTO) which is an international body with the purpose of promoting free trade by persuading countries to abolish import tariffs and other barriers, has played an important role in the setting up of the non-tariff measures. However, the mushrooming of non-tariff measures globally, may also have adverse effects on the economy of a country and the government has to take appropriate actions to protect trade. 1.0 World Trade Organisation 1.1 What is the WTO? The WTO is the only global international organisation dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the worlds trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters and importers conduct their business, while allowing governments to meet social and environmental objectives. The systems overriding purpose is to help trade flow as freely as possible which partly means removing obstacles. 1.2 Brief History of the WTO The World Trade Organisation became operational in 1995. One of the youngest of the international organisations, the WTO is the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established after World War II. GATT and the WTO have helped to create a strong and prosperous trading system contributing to unprecedented growth. The exceptional growth in world trade during the past 50 years is as follows: Merchandise exports grew on average by 6% annually and total trade has increased 22 times from 1950 till 2000. The WTO developed after several rounds of negotiations under GATT. The first rounds dealt mainly with tariff reductions but later, negotiations included other areas such as anti-dumping and non-tariff measures. The last round which led to the WTOs creation was the Uruguay Round. The following table illustrates the different round which took place and the issues which were discussed. 1.3 Functions of the WTO The WTO can be viewed from different angles. Apart from being an organisation for trade liberalisation, it is a forum for governments to negotiate trade agreements. The WTO is also a place for settlement of trade disputes which is rules-based. Hence, the main functions of the WTO are described below: 1.3.1 Administering WTO trade agreements 1.3.2 Forum for trade negotiations The core activity of the WTO is to negotiate between the members on how to decrease trade barriers worldwide. Thus, the WTO provides the forum for negotiations among its members concerning their multilateral trade relations in matters dealt with under the agreements and a framework for the implementation of the results of such negotiations, as may be decided by the Ministerial Conference. However, it is must be note that although the main objectives of the WTO is to reduce trade barriers between countries and liberalise trade, the WTO will maintain the trade barriers in circumstances like protection of consumers and prevention of diseases. 1.3.3 Handling trade disputes Handling trade disputes is the third important aspect of the work of the WTO. Even trade agreements which have been meticulously negotiated may create conflicts between governments. Hence, the best way to settle these differences is through some neutral procedures based upon a legal framework. This is the reason for which WTO agreements exist. 1.3.4 Monitoring trade policies The WTO agreements are negotiated and signed by the worlds trading nations. These documents provide the legal aspects of international trading. They are mainly contracts, binding governments to keep their trade policies within the agreed limits. Although these agreements are negotiated and signed by governments, the aim is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business while also allowing governments to meet social and environmental objectives. The main purpose of this system is to help easy flow of trade and prevent side effects. This is important so as to provide a better economic development of a country. Moreover, these rules need to be transparent and predictable. 1.3.5 Technical assistance and training for developing countries The WTO provides guidance to countries on complex issues. It also provides support and training to developing countries in order to help them to fully integrate the system. 1.3.6 Cooperation with other international organisations Along with other international firms and organiations, the WTO is constantly looking for new measures about how to reduce tariffs and promote equal trading rights among all nations. 2.0 Non-tariff measures It is widely recognised that non-tariff measures (NTMs) are more economically harmful to the world trading system and individual countries than tariffs (Bosworth, 1999). While tariffs have been reduced through multilateral trade negotiations, NTMs have emerged as alternative measures to protect domestic industries, particularly in the 1970s and 1980s in response to the drastic tariff reductions in developed countries. Tariff reduction or elimination would become no doubt worthless if alternative trade impeding measures prevent trade liberalisation and deteriorate social welfare. In fact, the WTO is actively identifying and analysing non-tariff measures (NTMs) which are the less apparent restrictions on the free flow of trade. Although the identification and analysis of NTMs has significantly evolved, understanding their nature and trade effects remains a challenge for analysts and policymakers. Moreover, it is important to highlight that the OECD has engaged itself to use the available information in trying to increase free flow trade and implement policies in reducing tariff measures. 2.1 Definition of NTMs Despite increasing concerns on NTM issues becoming a serious impediment to international trade, there is no consensus on a definition of the explicit range of NTMs. NTMs are composed of whichever measures other than tariffs that distort international trade, regardless of whether they are border or internal types of measures. NTMs are defined as policy measures, other than ordinary customs tariffs, that can potentially have an economic effect on international trade in goods, changing quantities traded, or prices or both. The term NTM has been widely used in the GATT and the UNCTAD. Baldwin (1970) defines NTMs as any measure (public or private) that causes internationally traded goods and services, or resources devoted to the production of these goods and services, to be allocated in such a way as to reduce potential real world income. The East African Communitys working definition of NTMs is quantitative restrictions and specific limitations that act as obstacles to trade (World Bank 2008: iii). NTM definitions are generally residually defined: any trade barrier that is not a tariff is a non-tariff barrier. This creates two problems: the rationale for trade barriers is not discussed; and the number of NTMs becomes very high and their nature diverse.Based upon Laird and Vossenaar (1991), NTMs are classified according to the instant impact of the measure. The measures identified are listed below: Measures to control the volume of imports. Measures to control the price of imported goods. Monitoring measures, for example price and volume investigations and surveillance. Production and export measures. Technical barriers. NTMs may serve legitimate social objectives or they may be instruments of protectionism. These two options may even be mixed as a NTM may be designed to serve a legitimate objective, but vested interest may influence to policy process to affect either the design or the implementation of the NTM to their advantage. Import quotas function much like tariffs and are an example of an illegitimate NTM. Food safety standards are an example of a potentially legitimate NTM. The standards are set to safeguard public health and if that is their true function they are legitimate. They may, however, be misused, for instance, by requiring costly test procedures for imports. In that case, they are illegitimate and should be either removed or redesigned or be implemented in a non-discriminatory way. 2.2 Non-tariff measures in WTO trade policies reviews Regulations and other non-tariff barriers are rapidly overtaking tariffs as the main obstacle to trade. The WTO has a unique instrument that could be used to shed much needed light on these measures. The WTO secretariats trade policy reviews (TPRs) contain long sections on the tariffs, subsidies and anti-dumping duties in place in the country under scrutiny. Dealing with these instruments is a gratifying since it is relatively easy to calculate average tariffs, add up subsidies and count anti-dumping measures. Any protectionist intent or harmful effects for the economy are immediately understood by most readers. The WTOs TPRs give short shrift to regulatory trade barriers. Their treatment is generally short, superficial and unsystematic. This take-it-easy approach is becoming increasingly problematic. Tariffs and subsidies are on a long-term downward trajectory (despite the current crisis), whereas non-trade regulation with serious effects on trade is abounding. It is time for the TPRs address this challenge. A starting point would be a well-organised and comprehensive overview of the regulations in place and future legislative intentions. In order to permit comparison across time and countries, this should be complemented with such quantitative and standardised descriptions of regulatory barriers as can be assembled at reasonable cost. If reliable analysis of trade and welfare effects of regulatory barriers is available, it should also be included in the TPRs. The most important aspect, however, should be a thorough and critical examination of policy-making processes. TPRs should report on a list of key policy-making characteristics and compare them to best practice standards. The reviews should, for instance, offer a clear description of how countries arrive at sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures. This could be done by focusing on the procedural provisions that WTO Members take to implement their obligations under the SPS Agreement. In sum, TPRs could be an important tool for tackling excessive trade barriers arising from non-tariff measures without having to go through dispute settlement. It could harness the power of transparency triggering international and domestic pressure to remove unjustifiable barriers and to improve decision-making procedures so that inappropriate measures are not taken in the first place. But this would require giving more authority and resources to the WTO secretariat. Ideally, TPRs on non-tariff measures would be published as a separate report. If the WTO addresses the transparency challenge, it can facilitate unilateral liberalisation and prepare a better starting ground for future multilateral negotiations. While enhanced treatment of non-tariff measures needs special attention, a broader change is required. TPRs should be transformed from a diplomatic exercise in Geneva into a transparency instrument that involves the stakeholders in the country under review. This implies that the process of writing reviews should become open to public scrutiny and allow for improved stakeholder participation. Such changes would facilitate greater analytical depth and critical rigour, and they would instil a sense of domestic ownership. A further step would be to present and discuss the TPRs in the country under review. Success with this enabling long-term agenda could give meaning and energy to the WTO. It might even go some way in compensating for the damage to the prestige of the WTO resulting from the Doha quagmire. 3.0 Classification of Non-Tariffs measures There are several types of non-tariff measures imposed by trading countries. According to the typology of NTMs drawn up by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), these include non-tariff charges, quantitative restrictions, government participation in trade and similar restrictive policies, customs procedures and administrative policies, and finally, technical standards (UNCTAD 1994). These measures increase the cost of production for companies serving in foreign markets, raising entry barriers with higher up-front costs and diminishing the ability of firms to compete in the process. The costs depend on the stringency of measures adopted, the required speed of implementation, the nature of the supply chain and the technical measures already in place in the exporters domestic market (OECD 2001). Thus, middle-income developing countries that already have relatively stringent technical and health standards, for example, might not experience a very high cost of adjustment vis-Ã  -vis the NTMs adopted in developed export markets. Studies that examine the extent of NTM application in different countries often employ a classification system to distinguish among the myriad measures. One classification is the UNCTADs Coding System of Trade Control Measures. This system segregates NTMs into: price control measures; finance measures; automatic licensing measures; quantity control measures; monopolistic measures; and technical measures. Sanitary and phytosanitary standards (SPS), as well as technical barriers to trade (TBT), fall under the last group (technical measures), and are often found under the subcategories on product characteristics requirements and testing, and inspection and quarantine requirements. The World Trade Organization (WTO), for its part, maintains the Negotiating Group on Market Access for Non-agricultural Products (NAMA) Inventory of Non-tariff Measures. This list groups NTMs into: government participation in trade and restrictive practices tolerated by the government; customs and administrative entry procedures; technical barriers to trade; sanitary and phytosanitary measures; specific limitations; and charges on imports. The final source for the core NTMs Database is the World Trade Organizations TPR. Measures are compiled from those mentioned in the Trade Policies and Practices by Measure section of the TPR. Within this section, most nontariff measures are summarised in the introduction followed by a more detailed description of the types of measures and the products affected. Donnelly and Manifold (2006) examined the United States Trade Representatives National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers, the European Unions Market Access Database, and the WTOs Trade Policy Reviews to compile a list of non-tariff measures reported by 53 countries. Because these three sources do not use a standard classification system, the authors made their own list of 15 categories. These are: anticompetitive practices/competition policy; intellectual property rights; corruption; investment-related measures; customs procedures; sanitary and phytosanitary measures; export-related measures; services; standards, testing, certification and labeling; government procurement; import licensing; state-trading; import prohibitions; taxes; and import quotas. 3.1 Analysis of the NTMs 3.1.1 Anticompetitive practices/competition policy These measures allocate exclusive or special preferences or privileges to one or more limited group of economic operators. Hence, certain agencies may benefits from the exclusive importation of a range of products. An example will be the importation of salt and tobacco which are reserved for the respective state trading companies. Another example is that crude petroleum is imported exclusively be the government. Moreover, for some products, the imported need to transact with the national service as some product need to insured by the government and it should also require the use of national transport like ships, etc. 3.1.2 Measures to increase price of imports Measures used to implement the control of prices of imported articles in order to support the domestic price of certain products when the import price of these goods are lower; establish the domestic price of certain products because of price fluctuation in domestic markets, or price instability in a foreign market; and counteract the damage resulting from the occurrence of unfair foreign trade practices. It includes the use of reference price mechanisms, variable levies, antidumping duties and countervailing measures. Tariff-type measures such as tariff quotas and seasonal tariffs also are usually intended to increase import prices under given circumstances. Voluntary export price restraints fall under this broad category of intent. Important components under this heading are mainly: Administrative pricing Voluntary export price restraints Variable charges Antidumping measures Countervailing measures Safeguard duties Seasonal duties 3.1.3 Import prohibitions Quantity control measures are aimed at restraining the quantity of goods that can be imported, regardless of whether they come from different sources or one specific supplier. These measures can take the form of restrictive licensing, fixing of a predetermined quota or through prohibitions The export restraint agreements consist of voluntary export restraints. This mainly covers the measure employed for the administration of bilateral agreements under the Multi- Fibre Arrangement and, more recently, the WTO Agreement on Textiles and Clothing and it also promotes an Orderly Marketing Agreements. An import licence is not granted automatically. The licence may either be issued on a discretionary basis or may require specific criteria to be met before it is granted. The uses of the products need also to be specified. E.g. Licence to import steel is granted only if it is used for the construction of a bridge. Non economic licences can also be granted for religious, moral, cultural or even political reasons. E.g. Imports of alcoholic beverages are permitted only by hotels and restaurants. A quota is a restriction of importation of specified products through the setting of a maximum quantity or value authorized for import. We have different types of quotas; Global quota Global Quotas are established on the basis of the total quantity or value of imports of specific products. It is classified in 2 sub section; i.e. Unallocated quotas which uses the system of fist come first serve (e.g. Imports of wheat is subject to a maximum limit of 20 million tons per year from any country) and Quotas allocated to exporting countries whereby the quotas are pre-allocated among exporters (e.g. Imports of wheat is subject to a maximum limit of 20 million tons per year allocated to exporting countries according to the average export performance of the past three years). Bilateral quotas Bilateral quotas are for a specific exporting country. E.g. a maximum of 10 million tons of sugar may be imported from a certain Country. Seasonal quotas Seasonal quotas are established for a given period of the year, usually set for certain agricultural goods when domestic harvest is in abundance. An example will be quota for import of strawberries is established for imports from March to June each year. Quotas linked with purchase of local goods It is the percentages bought by the local importer. Quotas for non-economic reasons Non economic quotas enclose religious, moral or cultural and political aspects of the quota. Tariff Rate Quotas It is a system of multiple tariff rates applicable to a same product: the lower rates apply up to a certain value or volume of imports, and the higher rates are charged on imports which exceed this amount. Quotas linked with domestic production Compulsory linkage of imports (of materials or parts) with local production Example: Import of coal is limited to the amount used in the previous year in the production of electricity. Other criteria like prohibition, suspension and different types agreement of certain products are also included under this heading. 3.1.4 Taxes other than customs tariff Tax Measures, other than tariffs measures that increase the cost of imports in a similar manner, i.e. by fixed percentage or by a fixed amount. Customs Surcharges, Service charges like (Custom inspection, processing and servicing fees and Merchandise handling or storing fees), and additional taxes are the different types of tax that a certain type of products need to abide. 3.1.5 Finance measures Financial measures are intended to regulate the access to and cost of foreign exchange for imports and define the terms of payment. They can also contribute to increase import cost just like tariff measure. Advance payment whereby a sum of money is paid at the time the deal has been sealed and multiple exchange rate falls under this category. 3.1.6 Trade-related investment measures This section can be divided into Local content measures and trade balancing measures. Local content measures Requirement to use certain minimum levels of locally made component, restricting the level of imported components. E.g. Imports of clothing is allowed only if more than 50% of the materials used are originating from the importing country. Trade balancing measures Measures limiting the purchase or use of imported products by an enterprise to an amount related to the volume or value of local products that it exports. E.g. A company may import materials and other products only up to 80% of its export earning of the previous year. 3.1.7 Export related measures Subsidies may be directly applied to output or value added, or they may be indirectly applied, i.e. paid to material or other inputs into the production process. They may arise from payments or the non-collection of taxes that would otherwise be due. Restrictions by mean of taxes or prohibitions may also be imposed on production or exports. 4.0 Consequences of NTMs 4.1 Problems caused by the mushrooming of NTMs Bora (2003) identified three main consequences of the mushrooming the NTMs. The overall level of trade is lower than it should have been. Internationally prices are not at the levels dictated by the law of one price. The elasticity of trade flows to price changes is dampened. The first two points are basic to the economists rationale for trade, namely increasing efficiency. The last point, namely the dampened responsiveness of trade flows to price changes, is of major interest. Three issues have been identified and there are: The first issue is that, our global economy today has external imbalances of unprecedented size in absolute terms. The preferred means to resolve these imbalances is through exchange rate flexibility. At the same time, it is commonly observed that exchange rates tend to overshoot as the adjustment process unfolds. A dampening of trade elasticities would logically work to slow or weaken the adjustment of external imbalances. Accordingly, imbalances might persist for longer periods and potentially reach larger dimensions while the exchange rate swings needed to correct those imbalances would be of even greater amplitude. Turning the argument around, increasing the responsiveness of trade flows to prices would cause more rapid external adjustment of imbalances to exchange rate corrections and thus reduce the chance of large imbalances arising in the first place. Without going so far as to make judgments concerning the quantitative significance of NTMs in the current problems of global a djustment, a proliferation of such measures might well be a contributing factor. Second, a slower response of trade flows to prices is effectively the same as a reduction in similarity of domestic and foreign goods and services. That is, there is an implicit reduction of the cross-price elasticity of imports vis-Ã  -vis domestically produced goods. In turn, this means that price competition from imports is lower than it otherwise would be. NTMs that reduce the elasticity of imports thus not only convey protection to domestic producers from imports, they create increased monopolistic pricing power domestically, with implications for domestic policy. For example, in response to trade liberalization, governments appear to have been willing to see greater domestic industrial consolidation in the belief this would promote export competitiveness, implicitly counting on competition in the domestic market being provided by trade. But if proliferating NTMs reduce the competition flowing from trade, we get the worst of all worlds which are limited domestic competition and ineffective trade competition. This is perhaps one of the factors prompting civil society response to globalization which targets growing corporate power. The third issue is that the gains from trade liberalization derive from the responsiveness of imports to changes in relative prices through tariff reductions, a dampened price response will lead to disappointing results from trade liberalization compared to expectations which are calibrated according to assumed stronger responses. 4.2 Consequence of UNCTAD and WTO decisions on NTMs It is inevitable that there is a certain arbitrariness in such a classification. For example, most measures, including technical barriers, have price and quantity effects. A glossary of individual non-tariff measures, derived from Laird and Yeats (1990), and based on the above five broad categories of NTMs. OECD (1994), dealing only with agriculture, lists some 150 measures or bodies administering country-specific schemes. In the UNCTAD classification these would fall within the more limited, but more general, list of individual measures, since many are simply national descriptions for a widely used basic measure. Typically, the objectives or motives for using NTMs range from the long-term desire to promote certain social and economic objectives, including broad economic, industrial or regional development, to shorter term purposes such as balance of payments (BOP) support or action to protect a specific sector from import surges or from dumped or subsidized imports. Price or volume control measures or subsidies have been used In any type of liberalization simulation, it may be important to look realistically at the likelihood of such measures being removed. It is unlikely that Governments will remove permanent controls on technical barriers to trade or on trade in arms, drugs, pornography and so forth, although technical barriers may become more harmonized. However, support for industrial development can be achieved in more open economies supported by improved macroeconomic management and realistic exchange rates. Furthermore, Governments seem attached to support for specific sectors (sometimes in key political constituencies) by means of hidden subsidies through government procurement and technology development (e.g. aircraft), but so far international disciplines on the use of such measures remain relatively weak. As a consequence, even after the Uruguay Round, there are still important peaks in sectoral protection in most countries, sometimes in the same sector, for example textiles and clothing. It is important to realize that GATT (including GATT 1994, negotiated in the Uruguay Round) does not ban the use of all NTMs. Laird and Vossenaar (1991) argue that after the Preamble and the first three articles of the GATT, which deal with the overall objectives of GATT, most-favoured-nation (MFN) treatment, tariff reductions and national treatment, one enters the realm of exceptions and sets of rules which deal at least as much with how and when protection may be imposed, especially by means of non-tariff measures, as they do with liberalization. The Tokyo Round and Uruguay Round Agreements are a further extension of this idea, although the Uruguay Round results should see a reduction in the use of some important NTMs. For example, ERAs, the MFA, export subsidies and farm production support. 4.3 NTM problems faced by Indonesian Exporters Indonesia may face NTM problems with countries like US, Japan and European countries, which are their main destination for trading. The products selected will be: Agricultural product (mainly palm oil and fisheries) Textile and garment product Wood product (mainly plywood) Electronic (parts) Exporting to the US Footwear and garment product, Furniture Parts thereof; Electronics and Parts and Natural Rubber Latex; among other are the most common commodities exported to the US. However the Indonasian exporters have been facing major problem due to the non tariff measure. In 2002, the US restricted the import of shrimps as the argued that not the proper method of harvesting was used and the sanction was imposed against the background of sea turtle conservation and shrimp import. In the year 2004, Several Asian countries shrimp commodities had been charged with US antidumping regulation. In steel and rubber products, the US government to collect antidumping fine from foreign competitors and disburse them to the affected US firms. This was protested by Indonesia and other countries in WTO panel meeting in 2002. Indonesia assumed that such trade policy

Mathematics of Human Vision and Corrective Lenses :: Math Eye Glasses Contacts Contact Lens

Missing figures/tables It is a daily ritual...wake up, eat, shower, contacts, class. I do this every morning, however I have never stopped to think, "Why?" No, not "Why am I going to class so early?" but "Why do I need these contacts?" With this project I will attempt to explain the basics of vision and corrective lenses, as I, myself, finally learn the reason for sticking my finger in my eye every morning. Basic Eye Anatomy The cornea is responsible for protecting the eye and for refracting incoming light rays. The pupil is merely an opening that allows light to enter into the eye. Its black color is attributed to the fact that light is not able to exit the eye through the pupil. The iris acts to control the size of the pupil. In bright light, the iris is dilated in such a way as to reduce the size of the pupil and limit the amount of entering light. In dim light, the iris adjusts its size as to maximize the size of the pupil and increase the amount of incoming light. The crystalline lens is a fibrous, jelly-like material that serves to fine tune the vision process by adjusting its shape and therefore the focal length of the system. The ciliary muscles relax and contract to change the shape of the lens. The retina contains rods and cones which detect the intensity and frequency of incoming light and, in turn, send nerve impulses to the brain. Behind the Eye The four main components of the eye that are responsible for producing an image are the cornea, lens, ciliary muscles and retina. Incoming light rays first encounter the cornea. The bulging shape of the cornea causes it to refract light similar to a convex lens. Because of the great difference in optical density between the air and the corneal material and because of the shape of the cornea, most of the refraction to incoming light rays takes place here. Light rays then pass through the pupil, and then onto the lens. A small amount of additional refraction takes place here as the light rays are "fine tuned" so that they focus on the retina. This is a representation of the eye's lens system. This eye has no eye condition, such as nearsightedness or farsightedness, and the lens is drawn in its relaxed position. The light rays are focused appropriately on the retina. The thickness of the cornea is 0.449 mm, the distance from the cornea to the lens is 2. Mathematics of Human Vision and Corrective Lenses :: Math Eye Glasses Contacts Contact Lens Missing figures/tables It is a daily ritual...wake up, eat, shower, contacts, class. I do this every morning, however I have never stopped to think, "Why?" No, not "Why am I going to class so early?" but "Why do I need these contacts?" With this project I will attempt to explain the basics of vision and corrective lenses, as I, myself, finally learn the reason for sticking my finger in my eye every morning. Basic Eye Anatomy The cornea is responsible for protecting the eye and for refracting incoming light rays. The pupil is merely an opening that allows light to enter into the eye. Its black color is attributed to the fact that light is not able to exit the eye through the pupil. The iris acts to control the size of the pupil. In bright light, the iris is dilated in such a way as to reduce the size of the pupil and limit the amount of entering light. In dim light, the iris adjusts its size as to maximize the size of the pupil and increase the amount of incoming light. The crystalline lens is a fibrous, jelly-like material that serves to fine tune the vision process by adjusting its shape and therefore the focal length of the system. The ciliary muscles relax and contract to change the shape of the lens. The retina contains rods and cones which detect the intensity and frequency of incoming light and, in turn, send nerve impulses to the brain. Behind the Eye The four main components of the eye that are responsible for producing an image are the cornea, lens, ciliary muscles and retina. Incoming light rays first encounter the cornea. The bulging shape of the cornea causes it to refract light similar to a convex lens. Because of the great difference in optical density between the air and the corneal material and because of the shape of the cornea, most of the refraction to incoming light rays takes place here. Light rays then pass through the pupil, and then onto the lens. A small amount of additional refraction takes place here as the light rays are "fine tuned" so that they focus on the retina. This is a representation of the eye's lens system. This eye has no eye condition, such as nearsightedness or farsightedness, and the lens is drawn in its relaxed position. The light rays are focused appropriately on the retina. The thickness of the cornea is 0.449 mm, the distance from the cornea to the lens is 2.

Health Status Impact Of Income Health And Social Care Essay

The economic inquiries of my documents as a group involve the insouciant consequence of income ( or state ‘s income ) on wellness position of persons. The policy relevancy of these inquiries suggests that, if truly income affects wellness position, so the authorities should use income and wellness policies that are designed to back up individuals with low income which in bend alleviates the effects of low income ; hapless wellness position being a cardinal effect in this paper. The execution of such policies will enable low income individuals gain entree to wellness attention services. Possible policies include income policies such as employment insurance – that offers impermanent fiscal aid to those that are unemployed while they look for work, public assistance aid – that offers fiscal assistance to those in demand of basic necessities every bit good as wellness policy, exactly public wellness insurance such as Medicaid – for low income and destitute peop le. In this paper, I will be turn toing two major inquiries. The initial inquiry that I will turn to in this research is, â€Å" the consequence of high income and low income on the wellness position of persons severally † . It will help to verify whether individuals with really low income are at higher hazard of sing deteriorating wellness and frailty versa. The following inquiry to be addressed is the way of causality between income and wellness – income to wellness position or wellness position to income degree? This paper is structured as follows: Section two reviews the article â€Å" The Casual Effect of Income on Health: Evidence from Germany Reunification † by Paul Frijters et al. The writers used a big scale natural experiment created by the â€Å" falling of the Berlin Wall † and the attendant reunion of Germany to analyze the insouciant consequence of income alterations on the wellness satisfaction of East and West Germans. The 3rd subdivision looks at the findings from the article, â€Å" Estimating the Effect of Income on Health and Mortality Using Lottery Prizes as an Exogenous Source of Variation in Income † by Mikael Lindahl. This article builds on the huge literature that has established a strong positive relation between income and wellness position and a negative relation with mortality. The 4th subdivision reviews the article, â€Å" Does Money Protect Health Status? Evidence from South African Pensions † by Anne Case. The writer uses pension income as an instrument to analyze the relationship between income and wellness. The 5th subdivision reviews the article by Jerome Adda et Al titled, â€Å" The Impact of Income Shocks on Health: Evidence from Cohort Data. The writer surveies the consequence of income dazes on wellness for a prime-aged population. Section six examines the findings from the article, â€Å" Wealthier is Healthier † by Lant Prichett and Lawrence H. Summers. The writers estimated the effects of income utilizing cross-country, time-series informations on wellness and income per capital. The concluding subdivision of this paper provides a sum-up of the decisions from the articles mentioned above every bit good as unreciprocated inquiries and suggestions for future research. The major countries of treatment will come from the data point, natural experiments and econometric theoretical accounts that these articles use in order to reply inquiries about the impact of income on wellness. Furthermore, the strengths and failings of each article would be presented in each subdivision ; subdivision two to subdivision six. Section 2: Frijters, P. , Haisken-DeNew, J.P. , & A ; Shields, M.A. 2005, September. â€Å" The Casual Consequence of Income on Health: Evidence from Germany Reunification. † Journal of Health Economics, Vol. 24, no. 5: 997-1017. This article investigates the causal consequence of income alterations on the wellness satisfaction of East and West Germans in the old ages following reunion. The policy relevancy in this article affirms that understanding the causal pathways between income and wellness is critical for policy design aimed at bettering general wellness or contracting wellness inequalities in society ( Frijters, 2005 ) . The cardinal literature on which this article builds is the literature that has attempted to set up the insouciant consequence of income on wellness utilizing both cross-sectional and longitudinal study informations. The cardinal findings in this literature are that there is a weak nexus between wealth, income and wellness ( Frijters, 2005 ) . The writers used a big scale natural experiment created by the â€Å" falling of the Berlin Wall † and the attendant reunion of Germany in 1990, in order to better set up the causal consequence of income changed on wellness satisfaction ( Frijters, 2005 ) . It was widely acknowledged that the falling of the Berlin Wall was wholly unexpected by the huge bulk of East and West Germans, and resulted to a big income transportations to virtually all of the population of East Germany ( Frijters, 2005 ) . The information beginning used by the writers is the German Socio-Economic Panel ( GSOEP ) between 1984 and 2002 which contains the GSOEP for East Germans and West Germans from 1990 to 2002 and 1984 to 2002 severally. The GSOEP sampled persons, aged 18 and over ; this sample consisted of 46,953 individuals per twelvemonth observations ( 22,641 males ; 24, 492 females ) on 6198 East Germans and 176,770 individuals per twelvemonth observations ( 86,773 males ; 24,492 females ) on 20,617 West Germans ( Frijters, 2005 ) . The methods of analysis used are fixed-effects ordinal calculator – to command for unseen single heterogeneousness that might find both income and wellness satisfaction ; and causal decomposition technique to account for panel abrasion that allows for the designation of alterations as respondents drop out of the sample and new respondents enter the sample ( Frijters, 2005 ) . The equation used in the fixed-effects ordered logit theoretical account is as follows: H*it = Xi, tI? + I?t + fi + I µit Hit = k i H*it I µ [ I?k, I?k+1 ] where H*it is the latent wellness satisfaction ; Hit is the ascertained wellness satisfaction ; Xit is the discernible time-varying features ; I?k denotes the kth cut-off point for the classs ; I?t represents the unseen time-varying general fortunes ; fi is an single fixed features ; and I µit is the error term that is extraneous to all features. In the econometric model, the endogenous variable, H I µ { 0, †¦ 10 } , represents an ordinal index of wellness satisfaction as evaluated by the person. This step is available for a set of persons indexed by I, where I is a figure from 1 to 10 ; each figure is observed over some immediate subset of old ages indexed T, where T = 1, †¦ ..T ( Frijters, 2005 ) . The drawback of this theoretical account is that it uses a little sum of the entire information available in the sample because the theoretical account reduces all the ordinal wellness satisfaction observations to ( 0, 1 ) . The importance of this theoretical account is tha t it attempts to explicate in which old ages an person had a comparatively high wellness satisfaction position. A positive consequence of income would so intend that persons ‘ comparatively fitter periods occur when their incomes are comparatively high ( Frijters, 2005 ) . The causal decomposition theoretical account decomposes the alterations in the expected latent wellness satisfaction for males and females individually in the post-reunification period and besides in the pre-unification period for West Germans utilizing the estimations from the fixed-effects theoretical accounts. The entire alterations in latent wellness satisfaction was decomposed into alterations in: existent household income, job-related variables such as pregnancy leave, unemployed and unemployed, household related variables such as matrimonial position, family wellness related variables such as decease of partner, unseen single effects distribution and the unseen mean variables such as clip parametric quantities ( Frijters, 2005 ) . The major consequence from this probe is that increased income leads to better wellness satisfaction, but the quantitative size of this consequence is really little when alterations in current income and a step of lasting income are used ( Frijters, 2005 ) . The policy deduction of these consequences is that addition in household income improved wellness satisfaction. The strength in this article comes from the panel informations that is used ; the GSOEP covers a big sample of persons and it is a longitudinal/panel information since it compares single differences over clip which in bend strengthens the external cogency of this survey. A longitudinal information is utile in foretelling long-run or cumulative effects which are usually difficult to analyse in a cross-sectional survey. In add-on, the sample is taken over a long clip period – 19 twelvemonth period which increases external cogency. Besides, the methods of analysis used are really comprehensive which makes it one of the strengths ; the writer makes usage of the fixed-effects ordinal calculator to command for unseen single heterogeneousness and causal decomposition technique to account for panel. Persons in the survey were besides categorized based on socio-demographic features. Another strength identified is within the external cogency of the survey since the writer examines a alo ne period – Germany reunion. The Germany reunion was an ideal scene to detect the consequence of income on wellness satisfaction since this action was wholly unanticipated by the Germans. Strengths were besides found within the internal cogency of the survey because this survey entails an first-class natural experiment, hence there were no prejudices in the manner people behaved. Failings, on the other manus come from the self-reported wellness positions which might make prejudice since it would be hard to deny or corroborate many claims. Last, the consequences of this survey can non be applied to other states or metropoliss since the survey was done on a alone period in Germany. Section 3: Lindahl, M. 2005. â€Å" Estimating the Effect of Income on Health and Mortality Using Lottery Prizes as an Exogenous Source of Variation in Income. † Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 40, no. 1: 144-68. The economic inquiry that is studied by the writer is the consequence of income on wellness and mortality by utilizing information on pecuniary lottery awards to make exogenic fluctuation in income. The policy relevancy of this article involves separating an association from a insouciant relation which suggests taking in to account the effects of income policies on the wellness of persons. The cardinal literature on which this article builds is the huge literature which has established a strong positive relation between income and wellness position and a negative relation with mortality. This survey comprises of an experimental survey in which the writer uses informations sets from the Swedish Level of Living Surveys ( SLLS ) for 1968, 1974, and 1981. The SLLS follows persons across moving ridges so that many persons are included in all old ages and new persons are frequently added in each moving ridge to keep a representative sample ( Lindahl, 2005 ) . An advantage of utilizing this information set is that they contain extended inquiries on wellness and the matched informations on income and decease day of the months from administrative registries ; it besides contains a inquiry on the sum of money won on lotteries ( Lindahl, 2005 ) . The writer uses OLS and IV theoretical accounts as the method of analysis to gauge the arrested developments of wellness on mean lottery, mean income and other covariates. The writer estimated the arrested developments of wellness in 1981 on the mean lottery award from 1969 to 1981 utilizing the undermentioned equation: Hi81 = I ± + I?Li81,13 + I?'Xit + A†¹i81, where Hi81 represents the assorted steps of hapless wellness in 1981 for single I ; Li81,13 is the mean lottery award in 1969 to 1981 ; Xit is a vector of demographic and household background variables every bit good as socioeconomic variables measured in 196 ; A†¹i81 denotes a random mistake term. The writer controlled for socio-economic variables measured every bit early as 1968 and non subsequently because variables measured subsequently are potentially endogenous with regard to lottery awards before 1969 to 1981 ; the dependant variable is in bad wellness ( Lindahl, 2005 ) . Subsequently, the writer estimated the OLS and IV arrested developments of wellness in 1981 on the logarithm of mean income in 1967 to 1981 utilizing the equations below: ( 1 ) Hi81 = I ± + I? log ( Ii81,15 ) + I?'Xit + I µi81 ( 2 ) log ( Ii81,15 ) = aO + a1 Li81,13 + I„'Xit + vi81, where Ii81,15 is the mean income in 1967 to 1981 ; I µi81 and vi81 are the random mistake footings. Harmonizing to Lindahl, the grounds for bespeaking Hi81 as a map of log income are that wellness variables and log income frequently are about linearly related and that the use of log income facilitates reading. The magnitude of the estimated income consequence is I? . Therefore if I? = – 1, so a 10 per centum addition in income outputs approximately 10 per centum of a standard divergence addition in good wellness, on norm ( Lindahl, 2005 ) . The chief consequences of this survey are that higher income causally generates good wellness ; and income is non protective against bad wellness for older people. The writer besides found out that income causally produces fewer symptoms of hapless mental wellness and decreases the opportunity of a individual being overweight ( Lindahl, 2005 ) . The policy deductions of these consequences is that income redistribution had a positive consequence on wellness position. After a clear reappraisal of this article, it is evident that it exhibits both strengths and failing. The strengths of this article prevarication in the beginning of informations utilised ( SLLS ) since it follows persons across moving ridges so that many persons are included in all old ages and new persons are frequently added in each moving ridge to keep a representative sample. Strengths are found in the information beginning used since it contained extended inquiries on wellness and matched informations on income and decease position from revenue enhancement registries. Another strength identified is the method of analysis used – the manner in which mean disposable household income is calculated, the appraisal of wellness arrested developments on mean lottery award every bit good as the OLS and IV appraisal of wellness arrested developments on the logarithm of mean income. The writer besides controlled for several confusing variables such as the socio-economic variables an d the standardised index of bad wellness in order to forestall prejudice in appraisal. One major failing of this article is found in the internal cogency of the survey in that the informations beginning covers a little clip period – merely three periods ; hence it is difficult brand generalisations. Another failing is that the figure of single in the survey is unknown ; therefore it is hard to besides do generalisations. Similar to other articles, failings besides come from the self-reported wellness positions. Section 4: Case, A. 2001, October. â€Å" Does Money Protect Health Status? Evidence from South African Pensions. † National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, NBER Working Documents: 8495, 1-32. The writer quantifies the impact of a big, exogenic addition in income on wellness position that is associated with the South African province old age pension. The province old pension was originally intended as a safety cyberspace for Whites who reached retirement age without an equal employment-based pension ; pension payments were bit by bit equalized across all racial groups during the decomposition of the Apartheid government in the early 1990s. This province old age pension constitutes an first-class natural experiment in South Africa because those who received this income ne'er expected it when they were younger and when the apartheid was still strong, therefore it represents an exogenic addition in income similar to lottery profitss ( Dr. Dooley ) . A 3rd of families in South Africa have at least one pensionary and the return up of the pension is really high. On norm, adult females aged 60 or above and work forces aged 65 or above by and large receive the full sum of the pens ion if they do non hold a private pension. The take-up rate for the province pension is approximately 80 % for inkinesss and coloured. For Whites, who are by and large covered by private pensions, the take-up rate is less than 10 % . The policy relevancy of this article involves pensions that are designed by the authorities for individuals that have retired or are of old age when they are no longer gaining a regular income from employment. The cardinal findings in the literature on which this paper builds is that socioeconomic position has a big impact on wellness results. The information beginning used is the Langeberg study which asks information on persons ‘ wellness, mental wellness, societal connection and economic position. This study was run in 1999 on racially stratified random sample – inkinesss, coloureds and Whites of 300 families ( 1300 persons ) in the Langeberg wellness territory ( Case, 2001 ) . The information used is cross-sectional one since it interviews persons at one point in clip ( 1999 ) to compare differences amongst them. The study was developed over a four twelvemonth period and was the joint merchandise of assorted research workers at the University of Capetown, South Africa that included economic experts, geriatrician, doctors and public wellness experts ( Case, 2001 ) . The study consisted of four faculties ; the first faculty was a family faculty which collected information from the individual in the family identified as â€Å" most knowing about how income is spent by the family † . The following facul ty was for younger grownups, aged 18 to 54, which collected information on work histories, net incomes, wellness position and societal connection. The 3rd faculty was for older grownup, aged 55 or greater which asked extra inquiries on the activities of day-to-day life and about South Africa ‘s alone old age pension. The 4th faculty collected information on vaccinums from kids ‘s wellness cards and information on breastfeeding patterns every bit good as the weights and highs of the kids ( Case, 2001 ) . The writer uses ordered probits of self-reported wellness position as a method of appraisal to analyze the consequence of pension income on wellness position. Ordered probits fundamentally assumes that rankings of wellness positions are meaningful but central differences are non meaningful ( Dr. Dooley ) . For illustration, if an single rates his wellness on a graduated table of 5 and another rates his wellness on a graduated table of 1 ; 5 being first-class wellness and 1 being really hapless wellness ; it does non connote that the person is 5 times as healthier than the 1 who ranks his wellness as really hapless. The chief determination from this survey is that income, in the signifier of an old age pension, improves the wellness position of all family members, in families that pool income ( Case, 2001 ) . The policy deduction of this consequence is that there is a true consequence of pension income on kid wellness. Hence, authoritiess should see hard currency transportations as one means of bettering child wellness. The strength of this paper is evident in the type of study it uses because it interviewed persons individually in order pull out private information to which other family members do non hold entree. Another strength is that the study is designed by dependable governments which make the study reliable. Besides, the study took into history assorted races such as inkinesss, Whites and coloured and controlled for assorted confusing variables such as sex, race, age and figure of pensionaries that could make prejudices in the consequences. Furthermore, for the intent of comparing, the writer presented ordered orbits for inkinesss, Whites and coloured in the U.S, utilizing informations from the National Health Interview Survey ( NHIS ) from 1986-1995. Hence, the findings from this survey can be applicable to U.S.A. In add-on, strengths were found in the clip period for the Langeburg study because it was run 9 old ages from the clip the apartheid ended in 1990. This implies that most of the pensionaries ne'er expected such a good pension. Therefore, this represents a genuinely â€Å" exogenic † addition in old age income like winning a lottery and shows a causal consequence of an addition in income. Similar to the article above, strengths were besides found within the internal cogency of the survey because the survey entails an first-class natural experiment ; hence there were no prejudices in the manner people behaved. However, failings are seen in the study used because it samples a little figure of persons ( 1300 persons ) . Second, the information was self-reported, therefore they might hold been misreport which makes it hard to corroborate or deny many claims. Failings are besides found in the external cogency of this survey since the consequences from this survey may non be representative of other countries of South Africa and other states in Africa or the wider developing universe because South Africa is an exceeding society. Another major failing of this article is the job of gauging the impact of income on kid wellness due to omitted variables such as rearing accomplishments. Besides, the writer did non do usage of a panel information which helps to reply inquiries about the kineticss of alteration. Section 5: Adda, J. , Gaudekcer, H. , & A ; Banks, J. 2006, December 18. â€Å" The Impact of Income Dazes on Health: Evidence from Cohort Data. † Institute for Fiscal Studies, IFS Working Documents: W07/05, 32, 1-32. This article surveies the consequence of lasting income inventions ( dazes ) on wellness for a prime-aged population with peculiar focal point on the consequence of income dazes on wellness over the life-cycle. Income shocks signify alterations in the income of cohorts to bring out causal effects of income dazes on wellness. The policy relevancy of this article is the extent to which income policies really lead to betterments in wellness position. The cardinal findings in the literature on which this article builds is that those with greater degrees of economic resources have better wellness. The information beginnings used are three different cross-sectional studies that sampled more than half a million persons over a 25 twelvemonth period ( 1978 to 2003 ) and reported elaborate information on person ‘s wellness ( both subjective and nonsubjective steps ) , wellness behaviors, income, outgo and socio-economic factors ( Adda et al, 2005 ) . The first study is The Family Expenditure Survey ( FES ) which contains elaborate information on family and ingestion. This information covers the period from 1978 to 2003 and the sample size consists of 148,517 persons. The 2nd study is The General Household Survey ( GHS ) which contain inquiries on wellness steps and hazard behaviors ; it covers the period from 1971 to 2003. The 3rd study, The Health Survey for England ( HSE ) unlike the old two, sampled a little figure of people and covers a little clip period from 1991 to 2003 ( Jerome et al, 2005 ) . The writer estimates the consequence of income dazes on wellness over the life-cycle by stipulating an single dynamic theoretical account of both income and wellness which allows for the decomposition of wellness and income dazes into transitory and lasting 1s. The writer allows for a non-linear relationship between income and wellness at single degree. The writer theoretical accounts income and wellness as stochastic procedures that evolve over the lifecycle and uses collection method to place lasting dazes to income by utilizing man-made cohort informations followed for up to 25 old ages ( Adda et al, 2005 ) . An advantage of utilizing the man-made cohort informations is that it helps to work a wealth of informations with elaborate information on both income and many wellness results because it allows the combination of assorted datasets ( Adda et al, 2005 ) . In order to pattern the stochastic procedure for single income, the writer uses the undermentioned equation: Yit = Yi, t-1 + ( 1 – Liter ) uit + vit, where Yit represents income, L denotes the lag-operator and mistake footings are denoted by uit and vit. Likewise, to pattern the stochastic procedure of single wellness, the writer treats wellness as a uni-dimensional stock variable and augments it with an individual-specific attack for coherence grounds. The methods of appraisal used by the writers consisted of several stairss ; the first measure was to regress the wellness and income variables on a suited set of regressors capturing cohort and age effects, the 2nd measure was to utilize the first-differences remainders and the last was to utilize the GMM technique ( Adda et al, 2005 ) . The chief consequence from this survey is that, income dazes has small effects on wellness position, but do affect wellness behaviors ( such as eating wonts ) and mortality ( Adda et al, 2005 ) . The policy deduction of these consequences provides grounds that lasting income dazes lead to poorer wellness behavior and no grounds that it straight affects wellness steps ( such as blood force per unit area ) . Clearly, the strength of this article is found in the information beginning used since it covers the life-cycle – a 25 twelvemonth period from 1978 to 2003 and studies comprehensive information about the persons in survey. Second, strengths are found in the internal cogency of this survey such that the study samples a big figure of persons – more than half a million persons. Third, the studies used are gotten from two states U.S and England which helps for comparing, pertinence and generalisation. Conversely, failing of this article comes from the methods of appraisal because it is really ill-defined and hard to understand. For illustration, the writer does non supply the significance for the GMM technique. Failings are besides seen from the self-reported wellness position which might make prejudice in the consequences because persons might supply incorrect information. Besides, this survey is an experimental survey which involves a strictly descriptive informations ; therefore it does non do any anticipations sing causality. Weaknesses besides root from the absence of a panel information that compares differences amongst persons ‘ overtime and are peculiarly utile in replying inquiries about the kineticss of alteration. The usage of a panel information will beef up the external cogency of this survey. Section 6: Pritchett, L. , & A ; Summers, L.H. , 1996. â€Å" Wealthier is Healthier. † Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 31 no. 4: 841-68. The writers of this article examine the consequence of income on wellness utilizing cross-country, clip series informations on wellness ( infant and child mortality and life anticipation ) and per capita income. The policy relevancy of this article involves increasing a state ‘s per capital income to see its consequence on kid wellness. The cardinal literature on which this article builds is the 1 that has estimated an income-health relationship utilizing cross-national informations. The cardinal findings in the literature on which this article builds is similar to the consequences gotten in this survey but the research workers who conducted these surveies were unable to turn to issues of causality ( Pritchett et al, 1996 ) . The information beginning used is the 1 at five-year intervals over the period from 1960 up to 1985, for a upper limit of five observations per state ( Pritchett et al, 1996 ) . The writer uses the OLS and IV theoretical accounts as the method of appraisal ; the OLS consequences on infant mortality was foremost reported and so the hardiness of the OLS estimates with regard to fluctuations of timing of observation, informations quality and income definition were verified. The IV estimations for infant mortality for a individual specification and sample was besides reported. Similarly, OLS and IV estimations for entire kid ( under 5 ) mortality and life anticipation were accounted for ( Prichett et al, 1996 ) . The writer estimated the five twelvemonth log differences for states with GDP per capita below $ 6000 utilizing observations for the old ages 1960 to 1985. The writer utilised instrumental variables as an appraisal scheme to place the causal consequence of income on wellness. In strumental variables in this context are variables that are non influenced by an unseen variable suspected to be doing both income growing and wellness betterment ( Prichett et al, 1996 ) . The chief decision of this survey is that additions in state ‘s income raises wellness position ( Prichett et al, 1996 ) . The policy deduction of this consequence is that much of the betterment in kid wellness is due to the acceptance of low-priced intercessions that exists for cut downing infant mortality non attributable to income alterations. Hence, these low-priced intercessions should be implemented along with income policies for overall betterment in child wellness. The strengths of this article prevarication in the information beginning since it covers a long clip period from 1960 to 1985 utilizing a five-year interval. Strength comes from the writer ‘s usage of instrumental variables and other health-status indexs such as mortality and life anticipation. Instrumental variables are determiners of income growing but exogenic with regard to wellness. The importance of utilizing mortality as an index of wellness position is that, it is available for a big figure of old ages and states ( Pritchett et al, 1996 ) . Furthermore, it avoids the potentially more terrible contrary causing jobs associated with the relationship between grownup wellness and income growing ( Pritchett et al, 1996 ) . Another strength found was that confusing variables such as instruction and income were controlled for so as to forestall prejudice in appraisal. The failing of this article is that it does non supply information about socio-demographic features of persons and does non stipulate the figure of persons in the survey. In add-on, some of the information beginnings discussed in this article did non come from dependable beginnings.Section 7: Drumhead, Unanswered Questions, and Suggestions for Future ResearchHaving evaluated the findings and decision in these articles, we see that the overall decisions in these articles are that income has a important impact on wellness position. Given that the five articles utilised different appraisal methods every bit good as dissimilar explanatory variables, it is hard to notice on the overall effectivity of the policies involved in these articles. Measuring the articles separately, Case Anne used pension income as an instrument to analyze the relationship between income and wellness position. He found out that pension income improved the wellness position of all persons in the family that pool income. This provided the grounds that there is a true consequence of pension income on kid wellness. Therefore , we can come into a decision that pension policy was effectual in this instance. In deciding the issue with respects to the unreciprocated inquiries, it is indispensable to measure the strengths and failings of the articles. For illustration, the usage of instrumental variables and the control of confusing variables strengthened the internal cogency of the surveies. The skip of of import variables weakened the internal cogency of the survey. For case, in the article, â€Å" Does Money Protect against Health Status † Evidence from South African Pensions, there were omitted variables such as rearing accomplishments which might hold been correlated with wellness and income. Therefore, an unreciprocated inquiry will be, â€Å" what are other possible omitted variables? † A following inquiry will be in respects to external cogency, for illustration can the consequences in these surveies be applicable to Canada every bit good as other states? A subsequent inquiry will be, â€Å" What other policies could be implemented in order to relieve the impact of i ncome on wellness position? To reason, since it is clear from the analysis in each article that the being of a causal nexus between income and wellness is still unsure, an docket for future research will be to use random fluctuations in income and do usage of panel informations theoretical accounts. Another country of future research will be to include omitted variables in future surveies so as to beef up the internal cogency of the survey. A subsequent country of research will be to avoid self-reported data point in the survey so as to avoid misreport from respondents. Surveies should besides affect more of natural experiments since people in these types of surveies are non cognizant that they are being studied. This would beef up the internal cogency of the survey every bit good as prevent prejudice in consequences. In add-on, future researches should do usage of appraisal methods that are easy to understand every bit good as utilize panel data point which helps to reply inquiries about the kineticss of alter ation and utile in foretelling long-run or cumulative effects which are usually hard to analyse in a cross-sectional survey.

Comparison of Adjectives

Comparison of Adjectives Comparison of Adjectives Comparison of Adjectives By Maeve Maddox If memory serves, I was taught the rules for comparing adjectives in fifth or sixth grade: 1. Adjectives have three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative, and superlative. 2. The comparative is formed with -er or more. 3. The superlative is formed with -est or most. 4. Short words like big and happy take -er and -est: big, bigger, biggest; happy, happier, happiest. 5. Long words, like beautiful and intelligent take more and most: beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful; intelligent, more intelligent, most intelligent. This simplified summary applies in most situations. Fine-tuning comes with reading experience. Yet many speakers seem not to have learned these general rules for comparing adjectives: He’ll go out of his way to be nice to your friends and family so he can make a good impression on them, even if it’s only because he knows that’ll make you more happy. I am more strong than I have ever been and my clients are getting better results as well. It did make my lawn more green. product review How to make your company more green Let’s make the world more greener. Making cars more greener How to make your neighborhood more safe figuring out how to make low-income communities more safer for women. These quotations are taken from various blogs. One could say, â€Å"Well, these aren’t professional journalists, so why be so critical?† It seems to me that the general rules for the comparison of adjectives can be mastered by a twelve-year-old. Anyone who has completed eight years of formal education can be expected to have gotten the hang of it. But it is not only the amateur writers who get it wrong. The following is from a writer who has shared two Pulitzer prizes: [something to do with economics] is a more strong indicator.† Linguists might argue that dropping of the -er, -est forms is driven by the natural urge of the language towards grammatical simplification. Perhaps. But â€Å"more greener† and â€Å"more safer†? I don’t think that has anything to do with evolutionary simplification of the language. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Types of Rhyme15 Types of Documents20 Names of Body Parts and Elements and Their Figurative Meanings

Free sample - Annotated biography of James Baldwin. translation missing

Annotated biography of James Baldwin. Annotated biography of James BaldwinRandall Kenan. â€Å"The Cross of Redemption: Uncollected Writings by James Baldwin† (August 24, 2010) Pantheon. This book basically explains what the collection of James Baldwin’s The Cross of Redemption: Uncollected Writings is all about. The collection contains speeches and essays alike brought together and combined in a single book. The contents are mainly educational material and cover such topics as racism, past and present American literature and also educating black children. They contain among others Mass culture, some personal notes, creative writing and he also goes ahead to discuss different novelists of his time. In this way, Baldwin is portrayed as a teacher, preacher and also a smart person in his times. In his review, Randall Kenan, a renowned novelists and book reviewer, James Baldwin is portrayed as a very good novelist who will express his feelings without fear and also tend to go for what he wants. His brave writings and discussions of other different novelist is very amazing. He also looks at the different aspects of language as used at that time and also examines the evolution of these dialects, especially in the black community. This source is a very simple straight forward and it vividly brings out James Baldwin’s character. It can be recommended to readers who desire to know more about novel authors and their history. Bigsby, C. W. E. The Committed Writer: James Baldwin as Dramatist Vol. 13, No. 1 (Apr., 1967), pp. 39-48 In this biograpgy by Bigsby C. W. E., James Baldwin is described as a dramatist as the title suggests. This is in reference to his work entitled ‘The Native son’, which basically brings out his roots as having been born in Harlem. James Baldwin’s intention was basically to emancipate humanity from the narrow view of life that they had (pp. 39). And in his later publications, he ruffled some feathers and caused some friction, with for example Wright. Bigsby C. W. E., a Twentieth Century Literature analyst, evaluates the works of Baldwin and compares them to his way of life. This is an easy to understand piece of work and it will go a long way to aid my presentation in that Baldwin’s character is brought out clearly. For those who would like to know about Baldwin’s charcter and perspective, this is the book for them. Mabe, Chauncey. Baldwin's Harlem: A Biography by Herb Boyd (22 February 2008) South Florida Sun-Sentinel (MCT) Chauncey Mabe analyzes the skill of James Baldwin as a novelist. In his book Baldwin’s Harlem, ambition and experimentation is evaluated. It basically brings aiut his character relative to the Harlem neighborhood where he was born and brought up. Boyd examoines Baldwin ‘s childhood character and behaviour as sensitive and odd-lloking and not fitting in the setting. However, in this piece of work, Boyd increasingly critisizes Baldwin for hi actions in discussing the authors who mentored him, and portraying Harlem as a cornerstone of hi life’s upbringing. Although this is not the case throughout, he sometimes highlights the strong points in Baldwin’s life. This is a very good critique of Baldwin and brings out his weaknesses and negatives. This work can be recommeded to those non-fiction lovers interested in Baldwins’s background check. Rasbury, Angeli R. Go Tell it on the Mountain (September 26, 1995) Modern Library; New Ed edition publishe in Sacred Fire. Angeli Rasbury notes that the James Baldwin’s novel â€Å"Go Tell It on the Mountain† is considered as one of his greatest works. He notes also that this novel draws much of its development on Baldwin’s childhood experience and upbringing in the slums of Harlem, thereby bringing out inspiration to his writings. In this novel, aspects of racism, sexual orientation as being gay , religious doubt and a rough experience with his complicated father while growing up are embedded. Featuring John Grimes, this book is in three parts where Johns horrific experiences are shared in part one, his parent’s difficult experiences in part two and finally his yielding to religious ways in part three. It has numerous biblical references evoking the black church. This is a straight forward book and illustrates the life of James Baldwin. Blues for Mister Charlie This is a play written by James Baldwin to depict the way the perceived the white man, that is ‘Mr. Charlie’. It is a play based on the story of a young black man, Emmet Till who was murdered in 1955 in Mississippi. In this set up, the strength of the black man in that generation is developed. That is the establishment of the Negro’s full manhood in the country. Basically set up in the American South in the 1960’s when there was terror on blacks. It depicts the trial, consequences and results of a white man that executed killings of blacks. Basically, ‘the blues’ depicts the song that is sung to the white man representing the punishment for his actions. An explosive play involving different characters to depict different people in the society, ‘Blues for Mister Charlie’ is a must read. This play allows people room for focusing on issues such as race, Christianity and also sex.   Also, it has been structured and made into plays ac ted indifferent places. This book is recommended for theatre lovers. Book Jacket. Giovanni's Room (June 2000), Dell Publishing Company, IncorporatedJames Baldwin’s ‘Giovanni's Room’ is a non-fictional work sample that talks about a young man’s struggle with his sexual bias and identity. Being born naturally as a man, this young man finds himself trapped in a situation where he has to choose which direction to take, either to be straight or to be gay. At one point, he finds himself inlove with a young woman and proposes marriage. But at the same time, he has peculiar sexual desires which land him into an affair with a bartender! Therefore ha has to juggle in between the two. This jeopardizes his view of the conventional normal American lifestyle and sexual orientation. Bascally, James Baldwin’s struggle with sexuality is brought out in this piece of work and the review by book Jacket sums it up all. A classical gay literature depiction set in the 1950s.

How resilience works Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How resilience works - Essay Example From depicting a quality of stability in physics, to psychology where resilience has come to be defined as the capacity of people to cope with and stress and catastrophe, this term is now a major trend in the corporate world. Or so says Diane L Coutu in her article titled, How Resilience Works, where she etches the nuances of the use of the term. This paper is essentially a critique of the article. Where the issue of family strength and crises are concerned, the author has demonstrated that resilience does not necessarily come from the genes and it is more commonly found among children from troubled homes - they seem strong from inside. Resilience itself comes up in diverse ways like humour, an ability to laugh at oneself, etc. The author has been fascinated by the issue of resilience in one's daily life - and it shows in her case studies and examples she has cited. Even the references of people she has used for professional takes on the subject, demonstrates people who are from various backgrounds, yet by and large, a resilient lot who have gotten where they have through a strong dose of determination. But is that all there is to resilience Apparently not, if the author is to be believed - she talks of resilience from the psychological point of view, where to start identifying the basic features of this trait, she finds that a sense of humor, sometimes bordering on the black, is not a surprising quality

Rational thinking in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rational thinking in Business - Essay Example No business can exist long in the market using irrational methods or thoughts. This paper explains the importance of rational thinking in business. â€Å"A thought, belief or attitude is rational to the extent that it satisfies five criteria: It is consistent with the facts or the objective reality; It helps preserve ones life and health; It helps one achieve ones short and long-term goals; It helps one avoid unwanted conflict; It helps one feel the way one wants to feel† (Alexander) In business objectives are important. Every action in a business setup is done for obtaining certain business objectives. These objectives are achievable only if the actions were supported with facts and logics. For example it is not possible for a construction business group to invest heavily at present because of the economic recession going on. The fact that people are reluctant nowadays in spending more on real estate sector is the rational or fact behind such thoughts. On the other hand the same business group can think about heavy investment once they see evidences of improvement in economic situations for achieving their long term goa ls. â€Å"Healthy rational thinking requires; an adequate attention span, patience and the ability to focus, to observe, interpret, perceive and consequently develop logic† (Yahya). In business, the ability to observe and focus is important in perceiving and interpreting the problems correctly. The correct interpretation of the problem is important in finding out correct solutions. For example, a business executive who wrongly interpret the market, based on rumours and opinions of others may fail to take sound and healthy decisions in favour of the organization. Rational thinking is the most common problem solving methods in business. For example in a business organization, the manager has to judge the performances of the workers based on their capacities or abilities. A rationally thinking manager will take actions against an